Sejarah ibn taymiyyah picture

Ibn Taymiyya had a simple life, most of which he dedicated to learning, writing, and teaching. He never married nor did he have a female companion throughout his years. Ibn Taymiyya was taught by scholars who were renowned in their time; [ 64 ] however, there is no evidence any of them had a significant influence on him. His work was most influenced by the sayings and actions of the first three generations of Muslims salafwhich is displayed in his works where he would give preference to their opinions over those of his contemporaries.

Ibn Taymiyya's own relationship, as a sejarah ibn taymiyyah picture scholar, with the ruling apparatus was not always amicable. Ibn Taymiyya was a religious scholar as well as an Islamic political activist. Michot stated five reasons as to why Ibn Taymiyya was imprisoned by the Mamluk government, they being: not complying with the "doctrines and practices prevalent among powerful religious and Sufi establishments, an overly outspoken personality, the jealousy of his peers, the risk to public order due to this popular appeal and political intrigues.

Ibn Taymiyya's emergence in the public and political spheres began in when he was 30 years old, when the authorities asked him to issue a fatwa legal verdict on Assaf al-Nasrani, a Christian cleric who was accused of insulting Muhammad. A few years later inhe took over the position of one of his teachers Zayn al-Din Ibn al-Munadjdjaaltaking the post of professor of Hanbali jurisprudence at the Hanbaliyya madrasa, the oldest such institution of this tradition in Damascus.

Once more, Ibn Taymiyya collaborated with the Mamluks inwhen he joined the punitive expedition against the Alawites and Shiitesin the Kasrawan region of the Lebanese mountains. The first invasion took place between December and April due to the military campaign by the Mamluks against the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia who were allied with the Mongols.

Fearful of Mongol atrocities, many scholars, intellectuals and officers began to flee Damascus in panic. Ibn Taymiyya was one of those clerics who stood firm alongside the vulnerable Damascus citizens and called for an uncompromising and heroic resistance to the Tatar invaders. Ibn Taymiyya drew parallels of their crisis with the Riddah wars Apostate wars fought by the first Muslim CaliphAbu Bakragainst the renegade Arabian tribes that abandoned sharia.

Ibn Taymiyya severely rebuked those Muslims escaping in the face of Mongol onslaught and compared their state to the withdrawal of Muslims in the Battle of Uhud. There is great benefit for the people of Syria. Despite political pressure, Ibn Taymiyya's directives were heeded by the Mamluk officer and Mongol negotiations to surrender the Citadel stalled.

Shortly after, Ibn Taymiyya and a number of his acolytes and pupils took part in a counter-offensive targeting various Shia tribes allied to the Mongols in the peripheral regions of the city; thereby repelling the Mongol attack. The second invasion lasted between October and January The year saw the third Mongol invasion of Syria by Ghazan Khan.

Ibn Taymiyya declared that jihad against the Mongol attack on the Malmuk sultanate was not only permissible, but obligatory. Because of this, he reasoned they were living in a state of jahiliyyahor pre-Islamic pagan ignorance. If the righteous forbears [ salaf ] have called the withholders from charity apostates despite their fasting, praying, and not fighting the Muslims, how about those who became murderers of the Muslims with the enemies of Allah and His Messenger?

The fatwa broke new Islamic legal ground because "no jurist had ever before issued a general authorization for the use of lethal force against Muslims in battle", and would later influence modern-day Jihadists in their use of violence against other Muslims whom they deemed as apostates. Ibn Taymiyya called on the Muslims to jihad once again and personally participated in the Battle of Marj al-Saffar against the Ilkhanid army; leading his disciples in the field with a sword.

These incidents greatly increased the scholarly prestige and social stature of Ibn Taymiyya amongst the masses, despite opposition from the establishment clergy. Ibn Taymiyya's three unprecedented fatwas legal verdicts that excommunicated the Ilkhanid authorities and their supporters as apostates over their neglect to govern by Sharia Islamic law and preference of the traditional Mongol imperial code of Yassa ; would form the theological basis of 20th century Islamist and Jihadist scholars and ideologues.

Ibn Taymiyya was a fervent sejarah ibn taymiyyah picture who zealously launched theological refutations against various religious sects such as the SufisJahmitesAsh'aritesShiasFalsafaetc. A judge from the city of WasitIraq, requested that Ibn Taymiyya write a book on creed. His subsequent creedal work, Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyahcaused him trouble with the authorities.

The first hearing was held with Ash'ari scholars who accused Ibn Taymiyya of anthropomorphism. He was protected by the then Governor of Damascus, Aqqush al-Aframduring the proceedings. Two separate councils were held a year later on January 22 and 28, After his release in Damascus, the doubts regarding his creed seemed to have resolved but this was not the case.

On the arrival of Ibn Taymiyya and the Shafi'ite scholar in Cairo inan open meeting was held. During the munazarahis views on divine attributes, specifically whether a direction could be attributed to God, were debated by the Indian scholar Safi al-Din al-Hindi, in the presence of Islamic judges. Ibn Taymiyya continued to face troubles for his views which were found to be at odds with those of his contemporaries.

His strong opposition to what he believed to be religious innovations, caused upset among the prominent Sufis of Egypt including Ibn Ata Allah and Karim al-Din al-Amuli, and the locals who started to protest against him. At the time, the people did not restrict intercession to just the Day of Judgement but rather they said it was allowed in other cases.

Due to this, Ibn Taymiyya, now aged 45, was ordered to appear before the Shafi'i judge Badr al-Din in March and was questioned on his stance regarding intercession. His reign, marked by economical and political unrest, only lasted a year. He spent his last fifteen years in Damascus. There, Ibn Taymiyya continued his teaching role as professor of Hanbali fiqh.

This is when he taught his most famous student, Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyawho went on to become a noted scholar in Islamic history. Three years after his arrival in the city, Ibn Taymiyya became involved in efforts to deal with the increasing Shia influence amongst Sunni Muslims. InIbn Taymiyya wrote a treatise that would curtail the ease with which a Muslim man could divorce his wife.

Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa on divorce was not accepted by the majority of scholars of the time and this continued into the Ottoman era. His view on the issue was at odds with the Hanbali position. According to the scholars of the time, an oath of divorce counted as a full divorce and they were also of the view that three oaths of divorce taken under one occasion counted as three separate divorces.

Due to his views and also by not abiding to the sultan's letter two years before forbidding him from issuing a fatwa on the issue, three council hearings were held, in as many yearsandto deal with this matter. Ibn Taymiyya referred to his imprisonment as "a divine blessing". When the Mongols invaded Syria inhe was among those who called for a Jihad against them and he ruled that even though they had recently converted to Islam, they should be considered unbelievers.

He went to Egypt in order to acquire support for his cause and while he was there, he got embroiled in religious-political disputes. Ibn Taymiyya's enemies accused him of advocating anthropomorphisma view that was objectionable to the teachings of the Ash'ari school of Islamic theology, and inhe was imprisoned for more than a year. Upon his release, he condemned popular Sufi practices and he also condemned the influence of Ibn Arabi d.

Inhe was released by the Egyptian Sultan. Inthe Sultan allowed Ibn Taymiyya to return to Damascus, where he worked as a teacher and a jurist. He had supporters among the powerful, but his outspokenness and his nonconformity to traditional Sunni doctrines and his denunciation of Sufi ideals and practices continued to draw the wrath of the religious and political authorities in Syria and Egypt.

He was arrested and released several more times, but while he was in sejarah ibn taymiyyah picture, he was allowed to write Fatwas advisory opinions on matters of law in defense of his beliefs. Despite the controversy that surrounded him, Ibn Taymiyya's influence grew and it spread from Hanbali circles to members of other Sunni legal schools and Sufi groups.

Among his foremost students were Ibn Kathir d. Ibn Taymiyya died while he was a prisoner in the citadel of Damascus and he was buried in the city's Sufi cemetery. He fell ill in early September and died at the age of 65, on September 26 of that year, whilst in prison at the Citadel of Damascus. His brother Sharafuddin had been buried in that cemetery before him.

Oliver Leaman says that being deprived of the means of writing led to Ibn Taymiyya's death. Ibn Taymiyya is said to have "spent a lifetime objecting to tomb veneration, only to cast a more powerful posthumous spell than any of his Sufi contemporaries. Several of Ibn Taymiyya's students became notable scholars in their own right. In the 21st century, Ibn Taymiyya is one of the most cited medieval authors and his treatises are regarded to be of central intellectual importance by several Islamic revivalist movements.

Ibn Taymiyya's disciples, consisting of both Hanbalis and non-Hanbalis, were attracted to his advocacy of ijtihad outside the established boundaries of the madhabs and shared his taste for activism and religious reform. Some of his unorthodox legal views in the field of Fiqh were also regarded as a challenge by mainstream Fuqaha. He was also a renowned scholar of Islam whose influence was felt not only during his lifetime but extended through the centuries until the present day.

In the pre-modern era, Ibn Taymiyya was considered a controversial figure within Sunni Islam and had a number of critics during his life and in the centuries thereafter. Make sure you do not listen to what is in the books of Ibn Taymiyya and his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and other such people who have taken their own whim as their God, and who have been led astray by God, and whose hearts and ears have been sealed, and whose eyes have been covered by Him May God forsake the one who follows them, and purify the earth of their likes.

Ibn Taymiyya is a servant whom God has forsaken, led astray, made blind and deaf, and degraded. Such is the explicit verdict of the leading scholars who have exposed the rottenness of his ways and the errors of his statements. Taqi al-Din al-Hisni condemned Ibn Taymiyya in even stronger terms by referring to him as the "heretic from Harran" [ ] and similarly, Munawi considered Ibn Taymiyya to be an innovator though not an unbeliever.

Despite the prevalent condemnations of Ibn Taymiyya outside Hanbali school during the pre-modern period, many prominent non-Hanbali scholars such as Ibrahim al-Kurrani d. His seminary, Madrasah-i-Rahimyabecame a hub of intellectual life in the country, and the ideas developed there quickly spread to wider academic circles. Our assessment of Ibn Taimiyya after full investigation is that he was a scholar of the 'Book of God' and had full command over its etymological and juristic implications.

He remembered by heart the traditions of the prophet and accounts of elders salaf He excelled in intelligence and brilliance. He argued in defence of Ahl al-Sunnah with great eloquence and force. No innovation or irreligious act is reported about him So it is difficult to find a man in the whole world who possesses the qualities of Ibn Taimiyya.

No one can come anywhere near him in the force of his speech and writing. People who harassed him [and got him thrown in prison] did not possess even one-tenth of his scholarly excellence From a little-read scholar considered controversial by many, he would become one of the most popular scholarly figures in the Sunni religious tradition.

Praising Ibn Taymiyya as a central and heroic Islamic figure of the classical era, Rashid Rida wrote:. Egypt and India have revived his books and the books of his student Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, after a time when they were only available in Najd. Now, they have spread to both east and west, and will become the main support of the Muslims of the earth.

Ibn Taymiyya's works served as an inspiration for later Muslim scholars and historical figures, who have been regarded as his admirers or disciples. Ibn Taymiyya adamantly insisted that his theological doctrines constituted the original creed of the Salafas well as that of Abul Hasan al-Ash'ari ; the eponym of the Ash'arite school.

He also believed that Sharia Islamic law was best preserved through the teachings and practices of the Salafthe earliest three generations of Muslims. Modern Islamic revivalist movements salute Ibn Taymiyya as "the architect of Salafism", which symbolises the concept of reviving the traditions and values of the Golden Age of the prophet.

For Salafiyya movements across the Islamic WorldIbn Taymiyya is their exemplar scholar who revived the methodology of the Salaf, and also a social reformer who defiantly stood against foreign occupation. Today, Salafi Muslims constitute the most avid readers and promoters of the works of Ibn Taymiyya. Various concepts within modern Islamist movements can be attributed to Ibn Taymiyya.

Ibn Taymiyya's other major theological mission was to re-assert the primacy of armed jihad in Islamic faith, which played a major role in shaping future militant interpretations of Islam. Along with total, literal adherence to Shariahe held that waging martial jihad was an Islamic religious obligation for all Muslims, when under foreign invasion.

These ideas would be readily embraced in the 20th century by various militant Islamist movements and underpinned the theological justification for militancy of groups like Al-QaedaISISetc. One of main arguments put forth by Ibn Taymiyya was his categorising the world into distinct territories: the domain of Islam dar al-Islamwhere the rule is of Islam and sharia law is enforced; the domain of unbelief dar-al-kufr ruled by unbelievers ; and the domain of war dar al-harb which is territory under the rule of unbelievers who are involved in an active or potential conflict with the domain of Islam.

When the Mongols, whom he considered unbelievers, took control of the city of Mardin [ ] the population included many Muslims. Another concept attributed to Ibn Taymiyya is, "the duty to oppose and kill Muslim rulers who do not implement the revealed law shari'a. Ibn Taymiyya issued various fatwas obliging all Muslims to fight the Mongols; declaring them as mushrikun polytheists similar to the people from the age of Jahiliyya pre-Islamic ignorance.

Thus, he is widely regarded as the "spiritual forefather" of the Salafi-Jihadist thought. Ibn Taymiyya's role in the Islamist movements of the twentieth and twenty first century have also been noted by the previous Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State, Daniel Benjaminwho labels the chapter on the history of modern Islamic movements in his book The Age of Sacred Terroras "Ibn Taymiyya and His children".

One of Ibn Taymiyya's most famous fatwas are regarding the Mongols who had conquered and destroyed the Abbasid caliphate in and had then converted to Islam. Ibn Taymiyya responded in a detailed fatwa :. If this is not the case, then it remains preferable but not mandatory. The helping of the enemies of the Muslims with their lives and wealth is prohibited upon them and it is required to abstain from that from whatever route possible.

It is not of the category of the Dar al-Islam nor of the category of Dar al-Harb. It is a third division by which the Muslim is treated according to what he deserves, and outsiders are dealt with as they deserve. In another series of fatwas, Ibn Taymiyya reiterated the religious obligation of Muslims to fight the Ilkhanids on account of their negligence of Islamic laws.

He also took issue with their non-religious approach to dealing with various communities such as Christians, Jews, Buddhists, etc. If fighting against the Kurds and the Arabs and others from the Bedouins who do not adhere to the Law of Islam is obligated even if they are not of harm to the people living in the cities, then how about these people?

Yes, it is required to exhibit the laws in fighting them. They call to the religion of Islam and praise the religion of these disbelievers over the religion of the Muslims. Ketika umurnya belum mencapai belasan tahun, ia sudah menguasai ilmu ushuluddin dan mendalami bidang-bidang tafsir, hadits, dan bahasa Arab. Suatu kali ketika ia masih kanak-kanak, pernah ada seorang ulama besar dari Aleppo, Suriah yang sengaja datang ke Damaskus khusus untuk melihat Ibnu Taimiyah yang kecerdasannya menjadi buah bibir.

Sejarah ibn taymiyyah picture

Setelah bertemu, ia memberikan tes dengan cara menyampaikan belasan matan hadits sekaligus. Ternyata Ibnu Taimiyah mampu menghafalkannya secara cepat dan tepat. Sejak kecil ia hidup dan dibesarkan di tengah-tengah para ulama sehingga mempunyai kesempatan untuk membaca sepuas-puasnya kitab-kitab yang bermanfaat. Beliau adalah orang yang kuat pendiriannya dan teguh berpijak pada garis-garis yang telah ditentukan Allah SWT.

Sampai dadaku menjadi lapang dan masalah itu terpecahkan. Hal itu aku lakukan baik di pasar, di masjid atau di madrasah. Semuanya tidak menghalangiku untuk berdzikir dan beristighfar hingga terpenuhi cita-citaku. Dia pernah memimpin sebuah pasukan untuk melawan pasukan Mongol di Syakhab, dekat kota Damaskus, pada tahun Masehi dan dia mendapat kemenangan yang gemilang.

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Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN State University of New York Press. Ibn Taymiyya and His Times dalam bahasa Inggris. Oxford University Press. Kitab Al-Iman. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. Diakses tanggal 16 January Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 February Imam Ibn Taimiya and his projects of reform. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh. ISSN Ulama yang Tidak Menikah.

Jakarta : Pustaka Azzam. Seratus Muslim Terkemuka. Jakarta : Pustaka Firdaus. Pokok-pokok Pedoman Islam Dalam Bernegara. Bandung: C. Elfata edisi 11 vol.