Talambuhay ni genghis khan biography

His legacy endures not only in the vast territories conquered but also in the sociopolitical structures established under his rule. Genghis Khan, originally named Temujin, was born around in north central Mongolia to the Borjigin tribe. His lineage traced back to Khabul Khan, a precursor in Mongol history who momentarily unified the tribes against the Jin Dynasty.

From a young age, Temujin was marked for leadership, as legend had it he was born with a blood clot in his hand, seen as a sign of his destined greatness. At the age of nine, Temujin was taken to live with the family of his betrothed, Borte. The tragic death of his father, Yesukhei, at the hands of the rival Tatar tribe thrust Temujin into a struggle for survival and leadership.

Upon returning home, he faced opposition from his clan, which initially ostracized his family. In a decisive moment to assert his authority, he killed his half-brother, Bekhter, cementing his position as the head of the family. This tumultuous early life, marked by familial conflict and the need for alliances, laid the groundwork for Temujin's relentless quest for power and unity among the Mongol tribes.

Genghis Khan, originally named Temujin, talambuhay ni genghis khan biography to power in the turbulent tribal society of 12th-century Mongolia. After establishing himself as a clan leader by overcoming familial rivalries and defeating rival factions, he united the Mongol tribes under his command. This unification was fueled by his strategic military prowess, which allowed him to create an army that utilized advanced tactics and organization.

Byhe embraced the title of Genghis Khan, meaning "universal ruler," marking the transition from a tribal leader to a dominant force capable of unprecedented conquests. His military campaigns were marked by an aggressive expansion strategy, driven by a combination of religious fervor, resource scarcity, and a relentless desire for revenge against past adversaries.

Genghis Khan's armies engaged in merciless warfare against empires such as the Khwarizm Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. His forces employed brutal tactics, including the use of psychological warfare and devastating cavalry maneuvers, allowing them to swiftly capture territories. Ang Yuan ay mamumuno sa buong Tsina hanggang Samantala, itinulak ni Chagatai ang timog mula sa kanyang mga hawak sa Gitnang Asya, na sinakop ang Persia.

Sa loob ng Mongoliabinago ni Genghis Khan ang istrukturang panlipunan at binago ang tradisyonal na batas. Ang kanya ay isang egalitarian na lipunan, kung saan ang pinakamababang alipin ay maaaring tumaas upang maging isang kumander ng hukbo kung siya ay nagpakita ng husay o katapangan. Ang nadambong sa digmaan ay pantay na hinati sa lahat ng mga mandirigma, anuman ang katayuan sa lipunan.

Hindi tulad ng karamihan sa mga pinuno noong panahong iyon, nagtiwala si Genghis Khan sa mga tapat na tagasunod kaysa sa sarili niyang mga miyembro ng pamilya—na nag-ambag sa mahirap na paghalili habang siya ay tumatanda. Ipinagbawal ng Dakilang Khan ang pagkidnap sa mga kababaihan, marahil ay dahil sa karanasan ng kanyang asawa, ngunit dahil din ito ay humantong sa digmaan sa iba't ibang grupo ng Mongol.

Ipinagbawal niya ang kaluskos ng mga hayop sa parehong dahilan at nagtatag ng panahon ng pangangaso para sa taglamig lamang upang mapanatili ang laro sa pinakamahirap na panahon. Taliwas sa kanyang walang awa at barbaric na reputasyon sa kanluran, si Genghis Khan ay nagpahayag ng ilang napaliwanagan na mga patakaran na hindi magiging karaniwan sa Europa hanggang sa mga siglo mamaya.

Ginagarantiyahan niya ang kalayaan sa relihiyon, pinoprotektahan ang mga karapatan ng mga Budista, Muslim, Kristiyano, at Hindu. Si Genghis Khan mismo ay sumamba sa langit, ngunit ipinagbawal niya ang pagpatay sa mga pari, monghe, madre, mullah, at iba pang banal na tao. Ang pinaka-malamang na paliwanag ay ang mga ito ay nagmula kay Genghis Khan o sa kanyang mga kapatid.

Na-update noong Hunyo 21, Kilala rin Bilang : Temujin Ipinanganak : c. Sipiin ang Artikulo na ito Format. Iyong Sipi. Szczepanski, Kallie.

Talambuhay ni genghis khan biography

Gitnang Asya. Ano ang Golden Horde? Silangang Asya. Genghis Khan at ang Imperyong Mongol. Mga epekto ng Imperyong Mongol sa Europa. Mga Figure at Kaganapan. Mga Digmaan at Labanan sa Asya. The long siege ended in spring amid brutal urban conflict. Genghis's youngest son Tolui was concurrently conducting a brutal campaign in the regions of Khorasan.

Every city that resisted was destroyed— NishapurMerv and Heratthree of the largest and wealthiest talambuhay ni genghis khans biography in the world, were all annihilated. Contemporary Persian historians placed the death toll from the three sieges alone at over 5. Genghis abruptly halted his Central Asian campaigns in The khan listened attentively to Changchun's teachings and granted his followers numerous privileges, including tax exemptions and authority over all monks throughout the empire—a grant which the Taoists later used to try to gain superiority over Buddhism.

The usual reason given for the halting of the campaign is that the Western Xiahaving declined to provide auxiliaries for the invasion, had additionally disobeyed Muqali in his campaign against the remaining Jin in Shaanxi. Returning to Mongolia in earlyGenghis spent the year in preparation for a campaign against them. This began in the first months of with the capture of Khara-Khoto on the Xia's western border.

Genghis ordered that the cities of the Gansu Corridor be sacked one by one, granting clemency only to a few. On 4 December, Genghis decisively defeated a Xia relief army ; the khan left the siege of the capital to his generals and moved southwards with Subutai to plunder and secure Jin territories. Genghis fell from his horse while hunting in the winter of —27 and became increasingly ill during the following months.

This slowed the siege of Zhongxing's progress, as his sons and commanders urged him to end the campaign and return to Mongolia to recover, arguing that the Xia would still be there another year. He died on either 18 or 25 Augustbut his death was kept a closely guarded secret and Zhongxing, unaware, fell the following month. The city was put to the sword and its population was treated with extreme savagery—the Xia civilization was essentially extinguished in what Man described as a "very successful ethnocide ".

Rashid al-Din and the History of Yuan mention he suffered from an illness—possibly malariatyphusor bubonic plague. Legends sprang up around the event—the most famous recounts how the beautiful Gurbelchin, formerly the Xia emperor's wife, injured Genghis's genitals with a dagger during sex. After his death, Genghis was transported back to Mongolia and buried on or near the sacred Burkhan Khaldun peak in the Khentii Mountainson a site he had chosen years before.

The tribes of the Mongol steppe had no fixed succession system, but often defaulted to some form of ultimogeniture —succession of the youngest son—because he would have had the least time to gain a following for himself and needed the help of his father's inheritance. The Secret History records that Genghis chose his successor while preparing for the Khwarazmian campaigns in ; Rashid al-Din, on the other hand, states that the decision came before Genghis's final campaign against the Xia.

After the siege of Gurganj, where he only reluctantly participated in besieging the wealthy city that would become part of his territory, he failed to give Genghis the normal share of the booty, which exacerbated the tensions. Chagatai's attitude towards Jochi's possible succession—he had termed his elder brother "a Merkit bastard" and had brawled with him in front of their father—led Genghis to view him as uncompromising, arrogant, and narrow-minded, despite his great knowledge of Mongol legal customs.

Tolui was unquestionably superior in military terms—his campaign in Khorasan had broken the Khwarazmian Empire, while his elder brother was far less able as a commander. Aware of his own lack of military skill, he was able to trust his capable subordinates, and unlike his elder brothers, compromise on issues; he was also more likely to preserve Mongol traditions than Tolui, whose wife Sorghaghtani, herself a Nestorian Christianwas a patron of many religions including Islam.

Serving as regent after Genghis's death, Tolui established a precedent for the customary traditions after a khan's death. These included the halting of all military offensives involving Mongol troops, the establishment of a lengthy mourning period overseen by the regent, and the holding of a kurultai which would nominate successors and select them.

He was still a viable candidate for succession and had the support of the family of Jochi. It has been suggested that Tolui's reluctance to hold the kurultai was driven by the knowledge of the threat it posed to his ambitions. No eyewitness description or contemporaneous depiction of Genghis Khan survives. Zhao wrote that Genghis had a broad brow and long beard while Juzjani commented on his cat's eyes and lack of grey hair.

Atwood has suggested that many of Genghis Khan's values, especially the emphasis he placed on an orderly society, derive from his turbulent youth. Heaven grew weary of the excessive pride and luxury in China I am from the barbaric North I wear the same clothing and eat the same food as the cowherds and horse-herders. We make the same sacrifices and we share our riches.

I look upon the nation as a new-born child and I care for my soldiers as if they were my brothers. The principal source of steppe wealth was post-battle plunder, of which a leader would normally claim a large share; Genghis eschewed this custom, choosing instead to divide booty equally between himself and all his men. He encouraged his companions to address him informally, give him advice, and criticise his mistakes.

Although he is today renowned for his military conquests, very little is known about Genghis's personal generalship. His skills were more suited to identifying potential commanders. In exceptional circumstances, such as when Muhammad of Khwarazm executed his envoys, the need for vengeance overrode all other considerations. Genghis came to believe the supreme deity Tengri had ordained a great destiny for him.

Initially, the bounds of this ambition were limited only to Mongolia, but as success followed success and the reach of the Mongol nation expanded, he and his followers came to believe he was embodied with suu lit. Genghis Khan left a vast and controversial legacy. His unification of the Mongol tribes and his foundation of the largest contiguous state in world history "permanently alter[ed] the worldview of European, Islamic, [and] East Asian civilizations", according to Atwood.

On the other hand, his conquests were ruthless and brutal. The prosperous civilizations of China, Central Asia, and Persia were devastated by the Mongol assaults, and underwent multi-generational trauma and suffering as a result. For many centuries, Genghis was remembered in Mongolia as a religious figure, not a political one. After Altan Khan converted to Tibetan Buddhism in the late s, Genghis was deified and given a central role in the Mongolian religious tradition.

In the 19th and early 20th century, Genghis began to be viewed as the national hero of the Mongolian people. Foreign powers recognised this: during its occupation of Inner MongoliaImperial Japan funded the construction of a temple to Genghis, while both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party used the memory of Genghis to woo potential allies in the Chinese Civil War.

According to May, Genghis "was condemned as a feudal and reactionary lord [who] exploited the people. Because Chinese historians were largely more favourable towards him than their Soviet circumstances, Genghis played a minor role in the Sino-Soviet split. The arrival of the policies of glasnost and perestroika in the s paved the way for official rehabilitation.

Less than two years after the revolutionLenin Avenue in the capital Ulaanbaatar was renamed Chinggis Khan Avenue. His visage appears on items ranging from postage stamps and high-value banknotes to brands of alcohol and toilet paper. Inthe Mongolian parliament officially discussed the trivialization of his name through excessive advertising. Modern Mongolians tend to downplay Genghis's military conquests in favour of his political and civil legacy—they view the destructive campaigns as "a product of their time", in the words of the historian Michal Biran, and secondary to his other contributions to Mongolian and world history.

Viewed as someone who brought peace and knowledge rather than war and destruction, Genghis Khan is idealised for making Mongolia the centre of international culture for a period. The historical and modern Muslim world has associated Genghis Khan with a myriad of ideologies and beliefs. Over time, as the world failed to end and as his descendants began converting to Islam, Muslims began to see Genghis as an instrument of God's will who was destined to strengthen the Muslim world by cleansing its innate corruption.

In post-Mongol Asia, Genghis was also a source of political legitimacy, because his descendants had been recognised as the only ones entitled to reign. As a result, aspiring potentates not descended from him had to justify their rule, either by nominating puppet rulers of Genghis's dynasty, or by stressing their own connections to him. He also married at least two of Genghis's descendants.

With the rise of Arab nationalism in the nineteenth century, the Arab world began to view Genghis increasingly negatively. Today, he is perceived as the ultimate "accursed enemy", a "barbarian savage who began the demolition of civilization which culminated in [the Siege of Baghdad in ]" by his grandson Hulegu. Under the Yuan dynasty in China, Genghis was revered as the nation's creator, and he remained in this position talambuhay ni genghis khan biography after the foundation of the Ming dynasty in Although the late Ming somewhat disavowed his memory, the positive viewpoint was restored under the Manchu Qing dynasty —who positioned themselves as his heirs.

The rise of 20th-century Chinese nationalism initially caused the denigration of Genghis as a traumatic occupier, but he was later resurrected as a useful political symbol on a variety of issues. Modern Chinese historiography has generally viewed Genghis positively and he has been portrayed as a Chinese hero. The Western world, never directly affected by Genghis, has viewed him in shifting and contrasting ways.

During the 14th century, as shown by the works of Marco Polo and Geoffrey Chaucerhe was seen as a just and wise ruler, but during the eighteenth century he came to embody the Enlightenment stereotype of a tyrannical Oriental despot, and by the twentieth century he represented a prototypical barbarian warlord. In recent decades, Western scholarship has become increasingly nuanced, viewing Genghis as a more complex individual.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. Founder of the Mongol Empire c. Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Genghis Khan disambiguationGenghis disambiguationChinggis disambiguationand Temujin disambiguation.

This article is part of a series about. Tribal campaigns. Invasions and conquests. Main article: Rise of Genghis Khan. The Baljuna Covenant. Gumamit din siya ng mga makabagong taktika sa larangan ng digmaan. Minsan magpapadala siya ng isang maliit na puwersa at pagkatapos ay paatras sila. Kapag ang kalaban ay sinisingil pagkatapos ng mas maliit na puwersa ay malapit na nilang makita ang kanilang sarili na napapaligiran ng isang sangkawan ng mga mandirigma ng Mongol.

Pinuno Si Genghis Khan ay isang malakas na pinuno. Siya ay malupit at pumatay sa kanyang mga kaaway, ngunit tapat sa mga sumunod sa kanya. Ipinakilala niya ang isang nakasulat na code of law na tinatawag na Yasak. Itinaguyod niya ang mga sundalong gumaganap anuman ang kanilang pinagmulan. Inaasahan pa niya na ang kanyang sariling mga anak na lalaki ay gumanap kung nais nilang maging pinuno.

Mga pananakop Matapos pagsamahin ang mga tribo ng Mongol, lumingon si Genghis sa mayamang lupain ng timog. Una niyang sinalakay ang mga taong Xi Xia noong Dalawang taon lamang ang ginugol sa kanya upang sakupin ang Xi Xia at isuko na sila. Noonglumingon si Genghis sa Dinastiyang Jin ng Tsina. Nais niyang eksaktong maghiganti sa mga taong ito para sa paggamot nila sa mga Mongol.

Pagsapit ng ay naagaw niya ang Yanjing Beijing ang kabiserang lungsod ng Jin at ang mga Mongol ang namuno sa hilagang bahagi ng Tsina. Nagpadala siya roon ng isang delegasyong pangkalakalan upang makipagkita sa kanilang mga pinuno. Gayunpaman, pinatay ng gobernador ng isa sa kanilang mga lungsod ang mga kalalakihan ng delegasyon.